Al-Mostansiriyah journal for Arab and international studies
Right of a Foreigner to Own Property in the State of Residence and the Restrictions Imposed Thereon – A Study in Accordance with Iraqi Law
The issue of a foreigner's right to own property in their country of residence, and the restrictions imposed upon it, is one of the most prominent and recurring legal issues in a world experiencing economic liberalization and extensive human interaction. The movement of capital and people between countries has become a reality that necessitates a re-examination of the rules governing cross-border ownership. This includes understanding the scope of this right for foreigners, clarifying the importance of balancing the attraction of foreign investment with the protection of national sovereignty, and addressing the discrepancies between a foreigner's right to own property in their country of residence and the constitutional, legislative, or administrative restrictions imposed by that country. It also involves studying the legal basis that permits foreigners to own tangible and intangible assets, clarifying the scope of this right in comparison to the rights of citizens, and examining the restrictions imposed on foreign ownership of movable, immovable, and land property—whether precautionary, regulatory, or security-related—as well as the challenges of reconciling granting foreigners the freedom to own property with ensuring the public interest. Given the need to adopt clear and balanced legislation that accurately defines the scope of foreign ownership of funds in Iraq in a way that ensures transparency and enhances the investment environment, and to update laws that impose unjustified restrictions and replace them with more flexible regulatory mechanisms that take into account economic security without compromising the attraction of capital. Keywords: foreigner, country, residence, ownership, real estate, movable property.
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The role of compliance oversight in improving banking risk management in light of digital transformation
Abstract This research aims to highlight compliance control procedures and their role in improving risk management processes in Iraqi banks during the digital transformation, particularly concerning the digital services they offer to customers. To achieve these objectives, the research employed an inductive approach in its theoretical aspect, reviewing previous literature and studies, and a descriptive-analytical approach in its practical aspect, utilizing a checklist. The research population consisted of Iraqi banks, while the sample comprised three banks: Al-Taif Islamic Bank, the International Development Bank, and Baghdad Bank. The research reached several conclusions, most notably: the necessity of fulfilling fundamental requirements for banks to successfully provide advanced services and achieve customer satisfaction, such as digital infrastructure, qualified human resources, legal and regulatory frameworks, encouraging tax procedures, rapid adaptation to external changes, and continuous research and development. The research also demonstrated the crucial role of the compliance officer in risk management through participation in identifying, assessing, and responding to risks, in addition to holding regular meetings with senior and executive management to develop plans and set risk-related objectives. The research recommended the need to enhance the application of digital services and activate continuous monitoring, adopt modern methods to address financial crises, and the need for the compliance monitor to pay attention to methods of continuous inspection to ensure the existence of modern automated methods to address financial crises. Therefore, he should hold meetings with senior management and executive management to set goals and identify the risks associated with them.. Keywords:Compliance, Banking Risk Management, Digital Transformation.
Keywords:Compliance, Banking Risk Management, Digital Transformation.
قلق التجربة الجديدة وعلاقته بتصورات العاملين حول التغير المؤسسي لدى الموظفين
Abstract This study explores the relationship between employees' perceptions of organizational change and their anxiety toward new experiences in the work environment within government institutions in Baghdad. Addressing the research gap that marginalizes the psychological dimension in change management, the study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach using a professionally diverse sample. Data were collected through a questionnaire comprising two psychological scales measuring perceptions and anxiety across cognitive, affective, behavioral, and social dimensions. The results revealed generally negative perceptions among employees toward change, with fear and loss of security being predominant. Anxiety toward new experiences was found to be high, particularly in the social dimension, confirming the role of fear of social judgment as a key psychological driver. The analysis revealed a strong inverse relationship between perceptions and anxiety. Demographic differences showed clear variations according to gender, age, and profession. The study concludes that psychological factors, rather than administrative shortcomings, are often behind the failure of change initiatives. It recommends integrating psychological support into change plans, actively involving employees, training managers in emotional intelligence, and designing customized programs to enhance successful adaptation.. Keywords: Employees’ Perceptions, New Experience Anxiety, Organizational Change, Work Environment.
Keywords: Employees’ Perceptions, New Experience Anxiety, Organizational Change, Work Environment.
The impact of cybersecurity risk management on building digital trust and its impact on financial inclusion under financial technology
Abstract This research aims to analyze the impact of cybersecurity risk management on building digital trust and its reflection on financial inclusion through fintech in Iraqi banks. The study stems from the problem that escalating cyber risks may weaken users' trust in digital financial services, thus limiting their spread and affecting levels of financial inclusion, particularly in the dimensions of access, use, and quality. The descriptive results revealed that cybersecurity risk management is available at a high level, with significant improvements in prevention and updates, but weaknesses in learning from incidents and classifying them according to international standards. Digital trust was also found to be at a high level, driven by security and service effectiveness, but with a weakness in ethical commitment. Financial inclusion through fintech was found to be at a moderate level, specifically in terms of weak service quality. Correlation testing demonstrated strong and significant positive relationships between the three variables. The impact analysis showed that digital trust acts as a partial mediator between cybersecurity risk management and financial inclusion, meaning that risk management directly and indirectly enhances financial inclusion by strengthening digital trust. Accordingly, the study recommends enhancing institutional learning from incidents, developing transparency and ethical commitment, and improving the quality of digital services to support financial inclusion in the Iraqi banking environment. Keywords: cybersecurity risk management; digital trust; financial inclusion; financial technology; Iraqi banks.
Keywords: cybersecurity risk management; digital trust; financial inclusion; financial technology; Iraqi banks.
Investing Intellectual Capital in Achieving Strategic Leadership: An Exploratory Study of a Sample of Employees in Travel and Tourism Companies in Baghdad
Abstract ​ ​This study aimed to analyze and investigate the nature of the relationship and the impact of Intellectual Capital (IC) in its dimensions (Human, Structural, and Relational Capital) on Strategic Entrepreneurship (SE) through its key pillars (Innovation, Opportunity Recognition, Risk-taking, and Organizational Flexibility). The research problem was crystallized around the inadequacy of the mechanisms adopted to transform intangible knowledge assets into sustainable competitive advantages within the surveyed tourism organizations, particularly in a highly complex and dynamic business environment.​The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, applied to a purposive sample of (40) senior and middle management executives within the tourism companies sector to ensure the accuracy of data related to strategic orientations. For data collection, a validated questionnaire consisting of (44) items was developed. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using (SPSS, V.28), utilizing Pearson Correlation to measure relationships and Simple Linear Regression to determine the extent of impact.​The results of the regression analysis revealed that intellectual assets significantly explain the variance in the entrepreneurial performance levels of the surveyed companies. The study further indicated that while tourism firms possess a high awareness of the importance of intellectual capabilities, their activation requires more flexible organizational structures to support creative behavior and seize market opportunities. The study concluded by emphasizing the necessity of institutionalizing knowledge and developing external relational networks as a mandatory entry point for enhancing leadership position. It stressed that optimal investment in human capital remains the fundamental pillar for ensuring competitive sustainability in the tourism market. Keywords: Intellectual Capital, Strategic Entrepreneurship,
الكلمات المفتاحية : رأس المال , الفكري ، الريادة الاستراتيجية ، بغداد .
The communist party split amidst the political Transformations in lraq (1941- 1968)
Abstract The Iraqi Communist Party is considered one of the parties that has suffered the most from splits throughout its long history, Although the party was able to withstand some difficult times, interface of the ruling regimes, it was unable to avoid many of the splits that resulted from the disagreements that the international communist parties suffered from and because of the opportunism of its members, which led to the emergence of many Convicting and inconsistent blocs in the party, such that some of them adopted a policy different from others . This situation was reflected in the state of the party, as it suffered from instability and lack of consensus. However, the party remained alive and did not dissolve itself. Rather, its members were late to reunite the party cells and link them tine. Again in some periods of thin the party was able to carry out its secret work despite the pressure of the again in some periods of ruling authorities and their pursuit of the party cells which in dictates the strength and agility of this party to reorganize itself. Key words: party , split, communist, history , Iraq.
الكلمات مفتاحية: حزب، انشقاق، شيوعي، تاريخ ، العراق .
Managing Power from the Perspective of Social Components: The Lebanese Political System (as a Model)
Abstract Lebanese society is characterized by a distinct religious and ethnic diversity, with each group preserving its heritage and cultural framework. This has significantly contributed to the formation of a societal identity that has influenced the foundations of political performance, leading to a negative impact on various aspects of governance. The administration of power has been entrusted to actors with sub-national orientations, thus undermining constitutional principles in favor of sectarian distribution. This has allowed for multiple authorities upon which the mechanism of governance is based, in addition to interference and overlap between the activities of constitutional authorities in order to entrench the sectarian approach in various official institutions. This has resulted in the slowdown of governmental achievement and the faltering of the foundations of political and social stability, which has affected the effectiveness of the political system and the harmony of its components. Because of these factors, which have cast a shadow over the Lebanese political reality, this research is dedicated to finding politically progressive and stabilizing solutions based on strengthening national belonging and activating the components of civil society as an entry point for the successive solutions identified in this research. Keywords: Lebanon, society, constitution, power-sharing, identity.
The dialectic of the relationship between spiritual security and the secular state in contemporary Western political thought
مستخلص البحث: لقد عانى الإنسان على مرّ الأزمنة والعصور من الخوف وعدم الشعور بالأمان والاستقرار، ومنذ القدم جاء الاهتمام من قبل المفكرين والفلاسفة في الفكر السياسي الغربي بموضوع تحقيق الأمن الروحي للأفراد، وتنظيم المجتمع في إطار سياسي يعبر عن مرحلة تطور التواصل والتفكير الإنساني، فبعد أن كان الإنسان القديم يعتقد أن الطبيعة هي التي تحميه من الأخطار التي يصعب عليه مواجهتها ومغادرة المرحلة البدائية والسيطرة على الطبيعة، لكن مع ظهور التنظيم السياسيّ للمجتمعات الغربية التي شهدت تحولات سياسيّة، واجتماعيّة، وثقافيّة منذ "عصر التنوير"، قد أسهم في صعود الدولة العلمانيّة كإطار تنظيميّ للدول والمجتمعات بعيداً عن تدخل سلطة الكنيسة في المجال الدنيوي، هذا الفصل بين الدين والدولة والتفاوت في الحياد اتجاه مختلف الأديان والإيمان بحرية الدين والمعتقدات والضمير الإنساني والكرامة الإنسانية، قد أفرز تحديات جديدة تتعلق باحتكار الاهتمام بالأمن ببعده العسكري والمادي في الدولة العلمانية مقابل تراجع الاهتمام بتحقيق الأمن الروحي بوصفه شأناً دينياً خالصاً، إلا إنه مع بداية القرن العشرين أخذ مفهوم الأمن الروحي أبعاداً تتجاوز المفاهيم المتعلقة بالحماية العسكرية أو الأمنية لصالح المفاهيم المتعلقة بالجوانب الثقافية والاجتماعية والنفسية والدينية للإنسان، وذلك مع تصاعد أزمة الاغتراب والفراغ القيمي وشيوع النزعة الاستهلاكية وصولاً إلى صعود الروحانيات البديلة عن الدين، الأمر الذي دفع الدولة العلمانية في الغرب إلى المحاولات المستمرة للتوفيق بين الحياد الديني للدولة العلمانية في الغرب وبين توفير الأمن الروحي . الكلمات المفتاحية : الأمن الروحي، الدولة العلمانية، السلام ، التسامح، التعددية الدينية.
Keywords: spiritual security, secular state, peace, tolerance, religious pluralism.
Economic Diplomacy in a Changing World: Between American Hegemony and the Rise of Asian Partnerships
Abstract Title: Economic Diplomacy in a Changing World: Between U.S. Hegemony and the Rise of Asian Partnerships. In the twenty-first century, global power structures have shifted from military confrontation to economic interdependence, making economic diplomacy a central instrument of statecraft. Economic diplomacy refers to the strategic use of trade, investment, aid, and financial instruments to achieve political goals and influence international relations. The United States has historically dominated this field since the Bretton Woods system, leveraging the dollar’s supremacy and international institutions to sustain its global hegemony. However, recent developments — including the 2008 financial crisis, the technological revolution, and the rapid rise of Asian economies — have gradually undermined the foundations of U.S. dominance. This paper explores how Washington reconfigures its economic diplomacy through sanctions, financial leverage, and the reorganization of global supply chains, while Asian powers, led by China, India, and Japan, pursue alternative paths through developmental and regional diplomacy. Initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), and BRICS+ illustrate Asia’s growing role in shaping a more multipolar economic order. Using an analytical–descriptive approach, the study argues that the current phase of international relations is characterized by the coexistence of competing models of economic diplomacy: the coercive and institutionalized U.S. model versus the cooperative and developmental Asian model. The findings suggest a transition toward a plural and network-based diplomatic system, where global influence is increasingly determined by economic connectivity rather than unilateral dominance. Keywords: Economic Diplomacy, U.S. Hegemony, Asian Partnerships, Global Governance, Belt and Road Initiative,.
Cyberattacks Impact on Modern Air Doctrine and Command and Control
Abstract: This research examines the impact of the increasing cyberattacks on modern air doctrine and command-and-control systems, in light of the substantial shift toward reliance on digital systems and network-based communications in managing air operations. The study highlights how cyberattacks have become capable of disrupting air capabilities, confusing the chain of command, and weakening situational awareness within the operational environment. It also discusses the vulnerabilities within the digital infrastructure of the air force and underscores the need to develop a cyber-air doctrine that enhances system resilience and strengthens the ability to withstand emerging threats. The research concludes that integrating cybersecurity into air doctrine has become an essential requirement for achieving air superiority in modern warfare. Key words: Air Doctrine، Cyber Warfare، Cybersecurity، Cyber–Air Domain، Cyber Attack.
Abstract: Moroccan-Soviet relations date back to the reign of Sultan Mohammed III, and despite their long history, they did not become significant until after World War II, when the Soviet Union sought to establish a foothold in Africa to rival the United States. This research aims to paint a comprehensive picture of Moroccan-Soviet relations by identifying the objectives and main directions of bilateral cooperation and the extent to which it aligns with the interests of each party, especially since the historical framework of the research defines the relations between the two countries as relations between two independent, sovereign states, while demonstrating the interaction of political, economic, and cultural dimensions in building those relations. This research focused on examining the bilateral relations between the two countries on the political, military, economic, and cultural levels. Keywords : relations, Morocco, Soviet Union, cooperation, agreements.
The Russian Monarchist Movement in Exile: An Analytical Study of (Concept, Identity, and Political Ideas)
The structural change of the Russian state at the beginning of the twentieth century produced real effects on the Russian intelligentsia, driving some of them into exile. Not just a struggle for power, but to preserve traditional Russian identity, The outcome of the transition from Tsarist Russia to Communist Russia. From the perspective of the advocates of the Russian monarchist movement, these transformations were not so much victories for the Russian state as they were setbacks in its historical trajectory. The problem addressed in this study was to demonstrate the extent to which the Russian monarchist movement in political exile succeeded in establishing a system of government in post-communist Russia. Considering the crystallization of their collective Russian identity in exile, formed from (the Church, despotism, nationalism), Between cultural rejection and intellectual interaction with the cognitive and intellectual system in the host countries, To what extent has the aforementioned current become a foundational reference for the doctrine of the Russian state and its contemporary policies? In response to the requirements of the research, the study employed a set of scientific methods to achieve the desired cognitive goals. The analytical approach formed the basic basis for intellectual treatment, while the effectiveness of other approaches emerged as supporting tributaries and procedural tools such as the descriptive approach, The comparative method ,the structural approach, and the deconstructive approach. One of the most important findings of the study is the relative success of the Russian monarchist movement in exile in establishing the system of government in post-communist Russia. It became a dynamic historical actor that refused to disappear and was not merely an echo of the past, and it was restructured in a way that was consistent with the requirements of the contemporary Russian state and the outcomes of the twenty-first century. Keywords: movement, monarchy, Russia, exile, political ideas, identity.
The Strategic Performance of Iraqi Diplomacy and Its Regional Standing Implications Post-2011: Opportunities and Challenges
Abstract The research is based on the study and analysis of the diplomatic strategic performance and its active role in achieving the higher goals and objectives of countries to enhance their position regionally and internationally, and of course this requires a number of national strengths, represented by the availability of highly skilled and efficient diplomatic staff and missions capable of performing their tasks in investing opportunities, avoiding external threats and employing them for the benefit of their goals and interests and managing their geopolitical interactions in all fields. Since 2011, the strategic performance of Iraqi diplomacy has witnessed an evolution in the face of many national, regional and international weaknesses and determinants, gaining more opportunities and expanding areas of cooperation regionally and internationally in order to enhance Iraq's position through multilateral diplomatic strategic performance and playing the role of an active partner in overcoming the risks of outstanding issues with neighboring countries, as well as the performance of mediation diplomacy and the balance between conflicting regional powers. This is a success in many areas, and more efforts should be made to continue developing diplomatic strategic performance and to strengthen Iraq's position at the regional and international levels. Keywords: Strategic performance, Iraqi diplomacy, status.
Strategic Objectives For Developing The Banking Sector And The Expected Role In Enhancing Economic Growth In Iraq
Abstract: There is no doubt that there is an anticipated role through working on developing the Iraqi banking sector, as any reform of this sector means an active and contributing role in sustainable development. This is a vital goal for all the strategies set by the Central Bank of Iraq, especially since there is a structural defect in the composition of the monetary mass of the Iraqi economy, as 80% of this mass is outside the Iraqi governmental and private banking system. Herein lies the importance of this research in studying and analyzing the strategic objectives for developing the banking sector and the anticipated role in promoting economic growth by activating the function of this sector in collecting local savings and granting them to income-generating productive, economic and service projects. It is worth noting that the contribution of the Iraqi banking sector is small compared to neighboring countries, for example, as it does not exceed 2%, while Jordan is 8%. It is hoped that this percentage will increase in light of the measures and reforms of the Central Bank of Iraq in increasing financial liberalization and increasing financial allocations and loans granted to private sector projects. Keywords: Strategic objectives, banking sector, economic growth .
Topic: The procedural policy for combating the illicit trafficking of drugs within the Saudi system
Abstract: The world today is confronted with a constellation of serious and multifaceted crimes, among which the alarming proliferation of drugs, illicit trafficking, and abuse stand out. This phenomenon has escalated progressively, no longer confined to specific localities but evolving into a global crisis with extensive repercussions. The negative impacts of drug-related crimes particularly affect individuals and society at large, posing significant risks and harms to one of the most vital segments of the population—youth. Worse yet, the crisis extends to encompass children and women, in addition to imposing debilitating effects on national economies. Drug addiction has profound implications for an individual's health, mental faculties, and financial stability, corrupting their moral compass and work readiness. Moreover, it adversely influences their offspring, who may inherit the weaknesses and degradation of their parents, thereby fostering an environment conducive to criminal behavior. The altered state induced by drug use can lead to violence, assault, and even murder. In response to this urgent challenge, the Saudi regulator has enacted the "Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Control System by Royal Decree No. M/39 dated 8/7/1426 AH" and the "Executive Regulations for the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Control System by Cabinet Resolution No. 201 dated 10/6/1431 AH." These legal measures aim to establish a rigorous policy framework and organized procedures to combat illicit drug trafficking effectively. Objective: This study highlights that the spread of drugs disrupts social cohesion and wastes natural and human resources, hindering social progress and comprehensive development. The key focus is on the procedural policies in Saudi Arabia aimed at combating drug-related crimes. Method: This study use analytical and comparative methods to analyze drug use crimes and compare local procedures and penalties with international agreements. Results: Drug possession varies based on circumstances and intent, such as personal use versus trafficking. 2.Legislative measures alone are insufficient; effective enforcement and tangible actions are essential for a drug-free Saudi society. 3.The study shows that Saudi Arabia's procedural policies and legislative efforts have played a significant role in combating illicit drug trafficking. Keywords: procedural policy, combating trafficking, drugs, the Saudi system.
التأليف النصي وسوسيلوجية الاتصال العلمي في الحضارة العربية الإسلامية
Abstract: represents the comprehensive text and the major phenomenon in the axis of Arabic authorship, and it is the center of gravity in this study, and it teaches the most important types of relationships between texts. The powerful texts that attract writing about them are subordinate texts that are originally very powerful works, as they have absorbed the works that came before them, whether explanation, summary, or refinement. The more important the text becomes, the more its interpretations and works based on it increase. The centrality and focus of an original text thus becomes a center around which new works revolve. New values ​​are added to old values, and these texts are characterized by a very attractive fertility. Keywords: Original text - Authorship - Textual authorship - Relationship between texts.
Keywords: Original text - Authorship - Textual authorship - Relationship between texts.
The role of parties and Syrian public opinion in aborting Egyptian-Syrian unity 1961
Abstract: Unity projects between Arab countries constituted an important historical event in the last century amidst many challenges facing Arab countries. The unity between Egypt and Syria was an achievement of the Arab desire for Arab solidarity. However, this unity was in the short period extending from 1958 to 1961 an actual experience of practical unity between two regions that was not destined to be truly successful. Several factors contributed to fueling the spirit of desire to abort unity. The research deals with the role of parties and Syrian public opinion in aborting the Egyptian-Syrian unity in 1961. A brief introduction was presented about the unity between Egypt and Syria. In the first section, the reasons and motives that led to unity were presented, and then the reasons and motives that hastened to abort this unity. In the second section, the actual position of the parties in the separatist movement and Syrian public opinion and its position supporting the separatist movement after being exposed to many pressures were presented. The research ended with a conclusion in which the most important results reached by the research were presented. Keywords: Syria - Egypt - Unity - Abortion - Parties - Public Opinion.
Keywords: Syria - Egypt - Unity - Abortion - Parties - Public Opinion.
دور التمويل المسؤول في الحد من التعثر المالي: دراسة تحليلية في عينة من المصارف العراقية
مستخلص البحث: يهدف البحث الى بيان مدى اعتماد المصارف العراقية عينة البحث على مبادئ التمويل المسؤول في عمليات منح القروض مع بيان دور تطبيق مبادئ الالتزام المالي والالتزام الاجتماعي للتمويل المسؤول في تخفيض القروض المتعثرة او الحد منها. بينما تعكس مشكلة البحث تساؤل رئيسي: عند تبني مبادئ التمويل المسؤول هل يساهم في الحد من التعثر المالي مع ضمان تلبية حاجات المجتمع من القروض. على اعتبار ان " التمويل المسؤول يقوم على الكبح من مخاطر التعثر المالي في المصارف العراقية من خلال الالتزام المالي والاجتماعي في عمليات منح القروض" وللوصول الى النتائج المرجوة تم استخدام التحليل الوصفي وتحليل الانحدار لبيان علاقة الارتباط بين التمويل المسؤول والتعثر المالي وتحديد أثر كل بعد من أبعاد التمويل المسؤول على التعثر المالي. وقد توصل البحث الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات أهمها ان المصارف عينة البحث اختلفت في تعاملها مع أبعاد التمويل المسؤول مما أثر بشكل مباشر على التعثر المالي. الكلمات المفتاحية: التمويل المسؤول, الألتزام المالي, الألتزام الأجتماعي, التمويل المستدام, التعثر المالي.
الكلمات المفتاحية: التمويل المسؤول, الألتزام المالي, الألتزام الأجتماعي, التمويل المستدام, التعثر المالي.
Contemporary American foreign policy towards Syria
Abstract : Syria, with its strategic qualifications and prominent regional position, received the attention of American foreign policy from before and after the end of World War II and the Cold War between the two poles, the United States of America and the former Soviet Union, and after it until the present day, when Syria and the entire region turned into an arena for competition between them over the expansion of influence. The United States of America tried to include Syria in its sphere of influence and prevent the expansion of Soviet-Russian influence. To achieve its goal, it resorted to various means. But Syria saw the American foreign policy biased towards Israel as a threat to it, so it strengthened its rapprochement with the Soviet Union and the Russians who supported it. For this reason, it came The study includes the decision-making process in American foreign policy towards Syria in the period between 1989-2004 through the following: - First: The objectives of contemporary American foreign policy towards Syria. Second: The means of implementing contemporary American foreign policy towards Syria. Keywords: American foreign policy, contemporary American history, American-Syrian relations.
Keywords: American foreign policy, contemporary American history, American-Syrian relations.
The Role of Constitutional Judiciary In Activating The Legal Responsibility of The Resigned Government
Abstract It is known that the subject of the resigned government is one of the most important topics of public law, especially in constitutional law, and the importance of the subject comes through the phenomenon of political instability witnessed by the Arab countries, to find this theory of its competences in this field, as well as the danger of not knowing researchers in the academic community specialized in the field of constitutional law with its provisions, despite its treatment by some Arab constitutions, in exchange for what the French and Belgian judiciary enriched legal studies in this The field, has raised a great controversy in jurisprudence about the existence of this theory in terms of the basis, some of them have found that the resigned government remains present like the regular governments that exercise their actual role in governance, and can not be viewed from a narrow perspective by restricting them in the scope of the urgent caretaker, the dissolution of parliament may be a motive for its work in the absence of parliamentary oversight.If this theory aims to limit the competence of the resigned government to a certain scope, namely the conduct of business, it is necessary to achieve full control of its work by specialized bodies to ensure that it does not exceed the limits of its competencies in order to preserve the supremacy of the principle of legality, in exchange for ensuring the proper application of laws and the basic law from which it draws from, which is the constitution. It is the subject of our research which so-called: "The Role Of Constitutional Judiciary In Activating The Legal Responsibility Of The Resigned Government". Key words : Resigned government- Judicial control- Constitutional judiciary- Legal Responsibility- Constitution.
Emergence of the Era of the Qualified Merchant Scientifically and professionally: A Comparative Study
Abstract: The scientific and technological developments is casting its shadow on realities of some pieces of commercial legislation, by dictating that a merchant should be eligible scientifically and be subjected to an adequate train in order to be qualified to grant a license for exercising some sorts of trade. The supervisory and control authorities are being binding by law to ascertain the provision of the aforesaid requirements in a merchant in exercising some sorts of trade, with a view of regarding certain considerations relating, i.e., modern commerce, electronic trade activities or consumer protection. This article is an attempt to investigate aforesaid legal requirements in the light of scarcity of legal literatures in dealing with this theme, and the ambiguity surrounding the determination of its scope, features, reasonability of their imposition, and to be expand all realms of commercial business. Keywords: merchant, qualification, training, experience,commercial work.
Keywords: merchant, qualification, training, experience,commercial work.
The role of the national brand as a soft power in enhancing the country's power Case study: Saudi Arabia
Abstract: The national brand is one of the most prominent elements of soft power that plays a vital role in enhancing the state’s strength at the regional and international levels. By investing in building a strong brand, the state can improve its image and enhance its position in the world, which contributes to creating an attractive environment for investment, tourism, and international partnerships. The national brand reflects the state’s identity, values, and principles, and contributes to enhancing confidence in it among peoples and other countries. It also improves diplomatic and trade relations and creates opportunities. To increase influence in the global arena through culture, economy, and technology, the national brand is an effective means of using soft power to direct influence and enhance the country’s role as a major player in global affairs. The national brand also plays a crucial role in enhancing the strength and position of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on the international stage, by developing and marketing a distinct national identity. The Kingdom seeks to highlight its rich culture, ancient history, and future vision 2030. The Saudi brand contributes to enhancing the global impression of the Kingdom as a major supporter of innovation and progress in various fields such as: energy, technology, tourism, and sports. Keywords: Brand, soft power, Saudi Arabia, state power.
Punitive Policy Procedures in the Field of Juvenile Delinquency
Abstrect The punitive policy in the field of juvenile delinquency is one of the important topics concerned with directing juveniles who have committed acts that conflict with laws or societal ethics. This policy aims to achieve a balance between protecting society from delinquent behaviors and at the same time rehabilitating juvenile delinquents to ensure their integration into society. Properly, it turns out that punitive measures for juveniles are completely different from those directed at adults، Punitive policy in this area is concerned with correcting the behavior of juveniles and motivating them to rebuild their personalities, instead of punishing them with traditional punishments such as imprisonment or imprisonment. Punitive policy focuses on using a number of rehabilitative and educational methods, for example psychological counselling, education, social treatment, and other methods that direct them toward... Positive behaviors، This research aimed to study the various procedures related to the punitive policy that aim to clarify a set of legal foundations and legislative procedures that aim to reform that delinquent person so that he can return to society again after that specific period of punishment, as the punitive policy is considered in the field of delinquency. Juveniles are an important tool to ensure the security and safety of society from deviant behaviors that may threaten the social order ، Dealing with juvenile delinquents effectively reduces the crime rate and limits its impact on society. The descriptive approach has been used, which aims to analyze and describe a specific case or phenomenon by collecting a lot of information and data that is concerned with presenting and analyzing this important topic of procedures related to punitive policy. For the field of juvenile delinquency, in addition to using the comparative approach that aims to clarify many of the differences and differences between some different laws،Here, Iraqi law will be compared with Lebanese law in the research topic to present a number of legal materials concerned with clarifying those punitive procedures between the two laws. The research has been divided into two basic sections, and the first section appears to discuss the investigation and trial of juvenile offenders, next to the second section, which presents the penalties. Confronting juvenile delinquency،The research reached a number of important results that the punitive policy contributes to ensuring the rights of juveniles by taking into account their age and psychological and social conditions, and providing them with the necessary support in accordance with international human rights standards, in addition to reaching a number of important recommendations, including that an alternative punishment policy should be adopted، Such as community work or educational and social programs instead of imprisonment, in order to reduce the impact of imprisonment on the psychology of juveniles and provide an educational environment aimed at improving their behavior. In addition, integrated rehabilitation programs should be developed and implemented that include psychological treatment, social guidance, as well as vocational education for juvenile delinquents, and the goal is to rehabilitate and integrate them. In society positively, and providing them with skills that help them avoid deviant behavior in the future. Keywords: Penal policy, juvenile delinquency, rehabilitation, special courts, legal procedures.
Keywords: Penal policy, juvenile delinquency, rehabilitation, special courts, legal procedures.
Abstract: The electronic study began from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, where the extent to which electronic contracts are compatible with the application of Sharia was analyzed. It concluded that it was not necessary to develop a legitimate legal framework with Islamic jurisprudence and to preserve the validity of this agreement, while adopting the importance of documenting it, verifying its legal conditions, and protecting privacy and security in the digital environment. The study also addressed the compatibility of electronic contracts with Islamic jurisprudence, noting the necessity of developing a legal framework that ensures that legal conditions are met, such as offer, acceptance, and documentation. It also stressed the importance of protecting privacy and security in electronic contracts in accordance with the provisions of Sharia. This study explained how Islamic jurisprudence can be adapted to legislate laws that keep pace with modern technical developments, while emphasizing the need for this legal framework to be integrated to ensure electronic contracts are compatible with Sharia provisions. Keywords: contract, electronic contracts, jurisprudence, Islamic jurisprudence, electronic contracts in Islamic jurisprudence.
International actors and their role in combating extremism (the United States of America and ISIS as an example)
Abstract: The research focused on explaining the role of the United States of America in confronting extremism, especially its role in confronting ISIS the ISIS front as a model for this confrontation, and statement of strategies that the United States follows in this confrontation. Within its structure, the research includes terms related to the topic in full as well as, explaining the emergence of ISIS in the major areas in Iraq, especially this organization whose activity may be very clear in Iraq, as it controls several Iraqi cities and provinces, causing destruction and devastation, spreading panic, and finally, explaining the role of the United States in confronting this .in general . Among the most important findings of the research are: The most prominent strategies of spending terror controlling were through containment and rebellion. The organization used violence for the purpose of intelligence in society, especially through social media. On the other side ,there was limited in the collective groups to confront extremism in Iraq and the official rule, which is linked to the military and security establishment, especially with noticeable weakness among civil institutions (in terms of civil society) and governmental institutions. The jihadist group had a clear prominent effectiveness in eliminating ISIS liberating Iraqi cities and provinces controlled by the organization. Keywords: international actors, extremism, the United States of America, ISIS.
الكليبتوقراطيّة.. نظام سياسيّ في رداء الفساد
Abstract Corruption is a global phenomenon that has been known to all societies in all ages and places, regardless of the nature of the political, social and economic system in the country. The most dangerous type of corruption is political corruption, of which kleptocracy is a type, as state institutions work to serve the elites of the regime to exploit citizens. This harms countries whose resources are plundered, and negatively affects democratic standards and economic development in host countries. Corrupt people often hide their illicit gains in countries with strong institutions that guarantee the rule of law, which leads to the emergence of multiple problems such as political interference, money laundering, and risks related to organized crime and terrorism. Therefore, this research is based on a fundamental problem, which is: Can the entire political system be based on corruption? Then we addressed the topic in two chapters, the first of which explained the definition of kleptocracy in terms of explaining its concept, essence and reasons for its emergence, while the second chapter was devoted to the effects of kleptocracy and methods of addressing it. Keywords: kleptocracy, political system, corruption.
The Effect of Organizational Climate on the Psychological Resilience of Employees in Hotel Organizations: An Applied Study in First-Class Hotels in Baghdad
Abstract The aim of this research is to identify the relationship and impact of the organizational climate, with its various dimensions, on employees’ psychological resilience, also examined through its multiple dimensions, within hotel business organizations. The significance of the study stems from the importance of the selected variables. The independent variable, organizational climate, includes: communication, managerial authority, decision-making, motivation, and organizational structure. The dependent variable, psychological resilience, includes: positive thinking, self-confidence, adaptability, and analytical ability. The study was conducted in six top-tier hotels in Baghdad, where the opinions of a sample of hotel managers and department heads were surveyed. The sample included 24 individuals. To investigate the relationship and influence between the organizational climate and psychological resilience, the study employed a questionnaire comprising 36 comprehensive items related to the research variables. The study yielded several conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a strong correlation between organizational climate and employees’ psychological resilience. Additionally, it concluded that the organizational climate and its dimensions have a significant and effective impact on employees' psychological resilience. The research concluded with a number of recommendations, most notably the need to raise awareness among managers and employees in the tourism sector regarding the importance of supporting psychological resilience. It is a fundamental component in building adaptive systems for all employees to help them face psychological pressures within hotel organizations. This, in turn, would help establish a stable workforce in these organizations and enhance their role as a vital pillar of tourism services in Iraq. Keywords: Organizational climate, psychological resilience of employees in hotel business organizations.
الكلمات المفتاحية : المناخ التنظيمي، المرونة النفسية للعاملين في منظمات الاعمال الفندقية.
زيارة الأربعين: دراسة تاريخية لتطور الطقوس والشعائر الدينية
Abstract Husseini rituals represent one of the most prominent cultural and religious symbols that embody the deep connection to the noble humanitarian principles and values for which Imam Hussain (peace be upon him) sacrificed. These rituals have become intertwined with the history of the Islamic nation and have formed an integral part of its identity, carrying within them a message of justice, freedom, and sacrifice for noble values. This study aims to examine the concept of Husseini rituals, their linguistic and terminological dimensions, and to explore their historical roots and their lasting impact across the ages in strengthening the cultural and religious identity of Islamic societies. This work serves as a scholarly contribution that highlights the significance of these rituals in the lives of individuals and communities. Additionally, the research addresses, in certain sections, issues related to the additions and innovations that have emerged in the practice of Husseini rituals over the centuries. The focus has been placed on how some practices have deviated from their original path, which was intended to express loyalty to the values of Imam Hussain (peace be upon him) and to spread his reformative message.
The role of UN Women in empowering women and enhancing community security
Talking about the existence of community security is linked to the existence of stability and the absence of fear in the presence of a security system with integrated political, social and economic dimensions. In light of the world's recognition of the multiple sources of threats to this security, it has become important to protect and empower one of its most important pillars, which is women. Women are a fundamental partner in enhancing the process of construction and development in the present and the future. Based on this, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women was the leader in efforts to support and empower women in society, and to confront the various sources of undermining their role. Realizing that women will not be able to contribute to enhancing community security if they feel that they do not live in internal peace, and that their relationship with themselves and their surroundings is not dominated by feelings of satisfaction, reassurance, security and lack of fear of the future, this research came to stand on the role of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality in empowering women and its impact on enhancing community security. Keywords: UN Women, United Nations, violence against women, women's empowerment, community security
Keywords: UN Women, United Nations, violence against women, women's empowerment, community security
دور المنظمات الدولية في النهوض بالتنمية المستدامة
Abstract: The developments accompanying technological and industrial progress have contributed to the growth of a series of environmental problems, as issues of environmental degradation and pollution, and ozone layer depletion have become a painful reality inherent in life in the modern era, especially with the strengthening of the globalized modernity model and advanced technologies. Recognition of the need to protect the environment and promote sustainable development through international mechanisms has led to the strengthening of international cooperation through international organizations and the activation of their role on the international and regional arenas. Keywords: sustainable development, Environmental protection, Technological progress, International organizations.