الاختصاص الاتحادي في الدول الفدرالية ، دراسة مقارنة بين العراق والهند

Abstract

The distribution of federal powers and how it is organized within a federal state is an important topic, as federal states differ in the scope of powers granted to their federal and regional authorities. Some states grant broad powers to the federal government and limited powers to the regions, while others do the opposite. The choice between these models depends on how each state seeks to enhance its internal stability.

The distribution of federal powers in federal states depends on factors such as ethnic diversity, national unity, national identity, and the geographical nature of the state. When federal authority is weak, regional powers tend to expand — and the reverse is also true.

The reference from the study of federal jurisdiction in federal states to the cases of Iraq and India, is significant because it reveals the degree of stability achieved by some federal models, while others fail to reach such stability. Therefore, it becomes necessary to review how powers are distributed within federal systems to ensure harmony with the characteristics of each society. Otherwise, the state may suffer from instability despite adopting a federal structure.

The two case studies demonstrate that Iraq has faced difficulties with its federal system, which remains incomplete in aspects such as the establishment of regions, the Federal Council, and the regulation of relations between federal and regional authorities. In contrast, India — despite its ethnic and geographic diversity — enjoys a degree of political stability within its federal system.

Keywords: Federalism, federal government, national identity, Iraq, India.